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Scaling Time-Series Workloads on Postgres

48 min episode · 2 min read
·
Scaling Time-series Workloads

Episode

48 min

Read time

2 min

Topics

Remote Work, Investing, Startups

AI-Generated Summary

Key Takeaways

  • HyperTable chunk sizing: Default chunk size is seven days, but high-volume ingestion workloads can benefit from chunks as small as one hour. Correct chunk sizing keeps ingest throughput flat over time, whereas vanilla Postgres shows linear degradation in rows-per-second as table size grows — with TimescaleDB reaching one million rows per second on standard hardware.
  • HyperCore compression ratios: TimescaleDB's hybrid row-column store compresses time-series data by 90–98% in real deployments. CERN reduced 70 terabytes of collider telemetry to five terabytes, which allowed migration from slower distributed disks to faster NVMe SSDs — delivering better query throughput without any hardware investment increase beyond the storage upgrade itself.
  • Continuous aggregates hierarchy: Build layered materialized views using the `time_bucket` function to roll up high-frequency data across multiple intervals — one minute, five minutes, one hour, one day — where each aggregate refreshes automatically from the previous tier. This reduces billions of raw rows to sub-millisecond query responses at 20,000–30,000 queries per second on standard cloud hardware.
  • Tiered storage with full query transparency: Tiger Cloud's tiering policy automatically moves older data to S3 in Iceberg format while keeping recent data hot in Postgres. Queries spanning both tiers return unified results with no application changes. Setting a date-based tiering policy eliminates manual archiving pipelines and allows decade-long retention without proportional storage cost increases.
  • Zero-copy database forking for agentic workflows: TimescaleDB's in-development Fluid Storage engine enables forking a production database in seconds without copying underlying data — changes are tracked as diffs from the fork point. Combined with the existing CLI and MCP tooling, this allows CI/CD pipelines and AI agents to spin up isolated database environments using live production data without performance impact.

What It Covers

Brandon Pursell, Director of Product Management at Tiger Data, explains how TimescaleDB extends Postgres with hypertables, hybrid row-column storage via HyperCore, and continuous aggregates to handle time-series workloads from millions of IoT devices without forking the database or rewriting applications.

Key Questions Answered

  • HyperTable chunk sizing: Default chunk size is seven days, but high-volume ingestion workloads can benefit from chunks as small as one hour. Correct chunk sizing keeps ingest throughput flat over time, whereas vanilla Postgres shows linear degradation in rows-per-second as table size grows — with TimescaleDB reaching one million rows per second on standard hardware.
  • HyperCore compression ratios: TimescaleDB's hybrid row-column store compresses time-series data by 90–98% in real deployments. CERN reduced 70 terabytes of collider telemetry to five terabytes, which allowed migration from slower distributed disks to faster NVMe SSDs — delivering better query throughput without any hardware investment increase beyond the storage upgrade itself.
  • Continuous aggregates hierarchy: Build layered materialized views using the `time_bucket` function to roll up high-frequency data across multiple intervals — one minute, five minutes, one hour, one day — where each aggregate refreshes automatically from the previous tier. This reduces billions of raw rows to sub-millisecond query responses at 20,000–30,000 queries per second on standard cloud hardware.
  • Tiered storage with full query transparency: Tiger Cloud's tiering policy automatically moves older data to S3 in Iceberg format while keeping recent data hot in Postgres. Queries spanning both tiers return unified results with no application changes. Setting a date-based tiering policy eliminates manual archiving pipelines and allows decade-long retention without proportional storage cost increases.
  • Zero-copy database forking for agentic workflows: TimescaleDB's in-development Fluid Storage engine enables forking a production database in seconds without copying underlying data — changes are tracked as diffs from the fork point. Combined with the existing CLI and MCP tooling, this allows CI/CD pipelines and AI agents to spin up isolated database environments using live production data without performance impact.

Notable Moment

When discussing developer onboarding, Pursell described building a complete smart home telemetry system — including schema design, hypertable configuration, and continuous aggregates — almost entirely through a coding agent guided by TimescaleDB's MCP tooling, requiring no direct database interaction from him.

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Episode Transcript

Many real world processes produce data as a continuous stream rather than as isolated records. Sensor readings, financial markets, and application telemetry all generate data this way. This kind of time series data has a distinctive shape. It's written far more often than it is updated, it accumulates continuously, and it is usually queried across ranges of time. Time series databases are built specifically for this kind of workload. TimescaleDB is an open source database from Tiger Data that adds time series capabilities to PostgresQL. It's implemented as a Postgres extension, so it introduces new functionality while preserving standard Postgres behavior and SQL. This lets a single Postgres based system handle both transactional and analytical workloads without splitting data across multiple tools. Brandon Pursell is the director of product management at Tiger Data. In this episode, Brandon joins Kevin Ball to discuss why time series data breaks conventional databases, how HyperTables and HyperCore scale Postgres, zero copy database forking for agent based workflows, and much more. Kevin Ball, or Kate Ball, is the vice president of engineering at Mento and an independent coach for engineers and engineering leaders. He co founded and served as CTO for two companies, founded the San Diego JavaScript Meetup, and organizes the AI in Action discussion group through Latent Space. Check out the show notes to follow k ball on Twitter or LinkedIn or visit his website, kball.llc. Brandon, welcome to the show. Yeah. Thanks for having me, Kevin. Yeah. I'm excited to learn a little bit more about what you're up to. So let's start with you. Can you give us a quick overview of your background and then how you ended up at Tiger and what you're doing there? Yeah. No. Absolutely. I've been working in the tech industry for a very long time. Spent my early years in the military, even writing code, and then started working at Adobe soon after that, working in a number of different roles there. And met a couple of guys when we built a startup. Startup was called SpatialKey. So the background in my area and experience in Postgres goes back almost twenty years. And we built a geospatial analytics platform that was built on top of Postgres, primarily initially focusing across a broad range horizontal, but then switching that into insurance and everything from underwriting to event response and portfolio management type use cases. And probably after about thirteen years, we sold the company. And I spent some time, took some time off afterwards, and decided to come back and actually take a very different role. I was doing mostly leadership. I was the CTO of the company and really wanted to get back into the tech side of it and product. And I love Postgres, and so ended up coming over to Tiger Data because I believe they have a great product and it really takes Postgres to the next level. That's a good intro. So can you tell us a little bit about …

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Books, tools, and gear mentioned in this episode

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Tools

  • TimescaleDBRecommended
    Brandon Pursell, Director of Product Management at Tiger Data, explains how TimescaleDB extends Postgres with hypertables, hybrid row-column storage via HyperCore, and continuous aggregates to handle time-series workloads from millions of IoT devices without forking the database or rewriting applications.
  • HyperCoreRecommended
    TimescaleDB extends Postgres with hypertables, hybrid row-column storage via HyperCore, and continuous aggregates to handle time-series workloads.
  • Tiger CloudRecommended

    by Tiger Data

    Tiger Cloud's tiering policy automatically moves older data to S3 in Iceberg format while keeping recent data hot in Postgres.
  • Fluid StorageRecommended
    TimescaleDB's in-development Fluid Storage engine enables forking a production database in seconds without copying underlying data — changes are tracked as diffs from the fork point.
  • Tiger Cloud's tiering policy automatically moves older data to S3 in Iceberg format while keeping recent data hot in Postgres.

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