#448 — The Philosophy of Good and Evil

What It Covers

Sam Harris and philosopher David Edmonds explore Peter Singer's drowning child thought experiment, examining consequentialism versus deontological ethics through the trolley problem and effective altruism's philosophical foundations in moral decision-making.

Key Questions Answered

• •Trolley Problem Asymmetry: 95% approve flipping a switch to divert a train killing one to save five, but 95% oppose pushing someone to achieve identical outcomes, revealing non-consequentialist intuitions about using people as means versus side effects.
• •Doctrine of Double Effect: The moral distinction between intending harm versus foreseeing it as collateral damage explains why targeting civilians differs from bombing munitions factories that kill civilians, tracing back to Thomas Aquinas's framework for evaluating actions.
• •Comprehensive Consequentialism: Apparent defeaters of consequentialism like the organ harvesting scenario fail when considering full consequences including psychological trauma, societal trust erosion, and terror of living where doctors murder patients, making narrow body-count analyses insufficient.
• •Speed Limit Paradox: Reducing speed limits by 10 mph would save thousands of the 40,000 annual US traffic deaths, yet society accepts this preventable carnage for driving convenience, demonstrating moral inconsistency around identifiable versus statistical victims.