Do We Need Another L1? - Inside Monad’s Parallel EVM with Co-Founder Keone Hon
Read time
2 min
Topics
Productivity, Remote Work, Startups
AI-Generated Summary
Key Takeaways
- ✓Consumer Hardware Decentralization: Monad requires only 32GB RAM, 2TB SSD, 100 Mbps bandwidth, and standard CPU to run full nodes, deliberately avoiding data center requirements that plague competitors. This constraint shaped three years of engineering decisions prioritizing accessibility over raw performance maximization.
- ✓Asynchronous Execution Architecture: Decoupling consensus from execution allows both processes to run in parallel pipelines rather than waiting sequentially. This addresses the fundamental inefficiency where execution consumes most block time while consensus waits idle, then reverses, dramatically improving throughput without hardware upgrades.
- ✓Custom Database Design: MonadDB stores Ethereum Merkle tree state natively on SSD rather than abstracting through LevelDB or RocksDB. This enables 30TB state scaling at consumer prices since SSDs cost 100x less than RAM, making global-scale state economically feasible for home validators.
- ✓Token Distribution Innovation: Monad launches with insider tokens locked and ineligible for staking rewards, unlike typical projects. Combined with Coinbase's token sale platform providing broad retail access, this approach prioritizes decentralized holder distribution over insider accumulation of staking yields and governance power.
What It Covers
Monad co-founder Keone Hon explains building a high-performance layer one blockchain delivering 10,000 TPS with 400-millisecond block times while maintaining consumer-grade hardware requirements and full EVM compatibility through six major architectural innovations.
Key Questions Answered
- •Consumer Hardware Decentralization: Monad requires only 32GB RAM, 2TB SSD, 100 Mbps bandwidth, and standard CPU to run full nodes, deliberately avoiding data center requirements that plague competitors. This constraint shaped three years of engineering decisions prioritizing accessibility over raw performance maximization.
- •Asynchronous Execution Architecture: Decoupling consensus from execution allows both processes to run in parallel pipelines rather than waiting sequentially. This addresses the fundamental inefficiency where execution consumes most block time while consensus waits idle, then reverses, dramatically improving throughput without hardware upgrades.
- •Custom Database Design: MonadDB stores Ethereum Merkle tree state natively on SSD rather than abstracting through LevelDB or RocksDB. This enables 30TB state scaling at consumer prices since SSDs cost 100x less than RAM, making global-scale state economically feasible for home validators.
- •Token Distribution Innovation: Monad launches with insider tokens locked and ineligible for staking rewards, unlike typical projects. Combined with Coinbase's token sale platform providing broad retail access, this approach prioritizes decentralized holder distribution over insider accumulation of staking yields and governance power.
Notable Moment
Hon reveals that 400-millisecond block times represent the physical limit for decentralization, determined by fiber optic transit time between Sydney and New York at 170 milliseconds, making faster blocks inherently centralizing regardless of software optimization.
Episode Transcript
The monad design delivers performance that is needed right now and also delivers a high degree of decentralization right now and delivers that fast finality right now. Some of the struggles, in other ecosystems are related to slow finality and in that in particular, that problem is already kind of addressed in mono. Kionia, I gotta start with a question that I think is in everyone's mind as we enter this, episode. Do we really need another general purpose layer one chain? I love the question. Monad is a significant engineering effort. You can think of it as a technology effort to bring new technologies to the EVM and pioneer those in a way that are all compatible with each other and that stack on top of each other to prove what's possible and to prove that decentralization can become more powerful if we focus very deeply on software architecture improvements. I agree with your line of questioning in the sense that, new layer ones need to be very different and very innovative. But Monad is an effort that is really grounded in research and engineering, to deliver a really powerful experience for the EVM and to make the EVM more powerful and more performant, in a highly decentralized way. I think that's a theme. It's a massive optimization of the EVM. We'll get back to that. But why not just build Monad as a layer two, maybe on Ethereum? Why instead go in the direction of the layer one? There are really interesting and important optimizations that are needed both at the execution layer and at the consensus layer. Layer twos tend to focus only on the execution side, but consensus is really what gives blockchains their property of decentralization and what really gives blockchains the borderless aspect where control of the network is split across many, many entities that are exist in many different countries around the world. Consensus is a really important problem. It's sort of the, you know, consensus Nakamoto consensus is the basis of the Bitcoin project. And I just think that innovation of the consensus layer as well as the way that consensus and execution fit together, that's an extremely, important and underexplored aspect of crypto these days. You've used this word decentralization a a couple times now. What does that mean to you? What does decentralization mean to you in the crypto context, in the blockchain context? I'll answer your question in two different ways. From a technological perspective, decentralization means that control over the system is split into many different, horcruxes, I guess you could say, like, split into, many different, entities that all keep each other accountable, and enforce the rules of the system and enforce that only state transitions that are allowed are those that are defined by code. That's an extremely powerful aspect because when you don't have to trust each other, when, trust is enabled through just the code itself and everyone fall following the rules, but also …
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Books, tools, and gear mentioned in this episode
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Tools
“MonadDB stores Ethereum Merkle tree state natively on SSD rather than abstracting through LevelDB or RocksDB.”
“MonadDB stores Ethereum Merkle tree state natively on SSD rather than abstracting through LevelDB or RocksDB.”
- MonadDBBy guest
by Monad
“Custom Database Design: MonadDB stores Ethereum Merkle tree state natively on SSD rather than abstracting through LevelDB or RocksDB.”
company
“Combined with Coinbase's token sale platform providing broad retail access, this approach prioritizes decentralized holder distribution.”
“Monad co-founder Keone Hon explains building a high-performance layer one blockchain delivering 10,000 TPS with 400-millisecond block times.”
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